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Susan A. Farr,*,†*Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA †Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, H. Fai Poon,‡‡Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sander-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, Dilek Dogrukol-Ak,§§Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Eskisehir, Turkey, Jeniffer Drake,‡‡Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sander-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, William A. Banks,**Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Edward Eyerman,**Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, D. Allan Butterfield‡‡Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sander-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA and, John E. Morley**Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA †Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA ‡Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sander-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA §Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Eskisehir, Turkey Oxidative stress may play a crucial role in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we examined the ability of two antioxidants, α-lipoic acid (LA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), to reverse the cognitive deficits found in the SAMP8 mouse. By 12 months of age, this strain develops elevated levels of Aβ and severe deficits in learning and memory. We found that 12-month-old SAMP8 mice, in comparison with 4-month-old mice, had increased levels of protein carbonyls (an index of protein oxidation), increased TBARS (an index of lipid peroxidation) and a decrease in the weakly immobilized/strongly immobilized (W/S) ratio of the protein-specific spin label MAL-6 (an index of oxidation-induced conformational changes in synaptosomal membrane proteins). Chronic administration of either LA or NAC improved cognition of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice in both the T-maze footshock avoidance paradigm and the lever press appetitive task without inducing non-specific effects on motor activity, motivation to avoid shock, or body weight. These effects probably occurred directly within the brain, as NAC crossed the blood–brain barrier and accumulated in the brain. Furthermore, treatment of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice with LA reversed all three indexes of oxidative stress. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction and provide evidence for a therapeutic role for antioxidants.
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